Science against fire: The rise of agronomic sciences and the opposition to fire use in Portugal during the 19th century | Rural History 2025, Coimbra

Título | Title
Science against fire: The rise of agronomic sciences and the opposition to fire use in Portugal during the 19th century | Rural History 2025, Coimbra
Data | Date
12/09/2025
Publicação | Publication
Nesta comunicação, apresentada na Conferência bianual da European Rural History Organisation (EURHO) que decorreu pela primeira vez em Portugal, percorreram-se alguma obras da agricultura e silvicultura portuguesa oitocentista – de autores como Fragoso de Sequeira, Andrade e Silva, Bernardino de Barros Gomes, Xavier Pereira Coutinho – de forma a esboçar os termos de uma ecologia do fogo (na sua relação com as árvores, o solo, a hidrologia e o clima) e da relação desta ciência com as políticas florestais e cerealíferas na transição para o século XX. Durante o século XIX, no contexto do desenvolvimento entrelaçado do Estado liberal e das ciências agrícolas e florestais, o mundo rural português passou a ser retratado de forma dura em discursos centrados no “melhoramento progressivo” do uso do solo, que incluíam uma crescente oposição ao uso do fogo. Os territórios montanhosos foram perspectivados como paisagens florestais sem fogo no âmbito de narrativas de destruição ambiental e de um emergente discurso científico que condenava a agricultura de queimada como “primitiva”. Por outro lado, as planícies do sul, assentes numa agricultura intermitente baseada em tecnologias de fogo, foram retratadas como paisagens “atrasadas” do Antigo Regime opostas a uma cultura “contínua” e “educada”. O uso do fogo no espaço rural foi sendo, deste modo, crescentemente entendido como oposto à floresta e à agricultura científica e, bem assim, à modernização do país.

In this paper, presented at the Biannual Conference of the European Rural History Organisation (EURHO), held for the first time in Portugal, we reviewed some works on 19th-century Portuguese agriculture and forestry – by authors such as Fragoso de Sequeira, Andrade e Silva, Bernardino de Barros Gomes, and Cincinato da Costa – in an attempt to outline the main features of a new fire ecology (in terms of the relationship of fire with vegetation, soil, hydrology and climate). Furthermore, we sought to understand the historical connections between this science against fire and the far-reaching modernization of rural territories drawn up at the turn of the 20th century, paying special attention to forestry and grain policies. During the 19th century, following the intertwined development of the liberal state and agricultural and forestry sciences, the Portuguese countryside came to be harshly portrayed in discourses centred on the ‘progressive improvement’ of land use, which included growing opposition to the use of fire. Mountainous territories were conceived as fire-free forested landscapes as part of narratives of age-old environmental destruction and an emerging scientific discourse that condemned slash-and-burn agriculture as ‘primitive’ or ‘barbaric’. On the other hand, intermittent farming on the cereal plains, based on fire technologies, were portrayed as “backward” Ancien Régime landscapes opposed to a “continuous” and “educated” agriculture. The use of fire in rural areas was thus increasingly understood as opposed to forestry and scientific agriculture, as well as to the modernisation of the country.