State Papers Foreign, Turkey
Item
Country
GB
Name of institution (official language of the state)
Language of name of institution
eng
Contact information: postal address
Kew, Richmond TW9 4DU
Contact information: phone number
0044 020 8876 3444
Contact information: web address
Contact information: email
Reference number
SP 97
Type of reference number
Archival reference number
Title (official language of the state)
State Papers Foreign, Turkey
Language of title
eng
Creator / accumulator
Secretaries of State
Date(s)
1579/1779
Language(s)
fra
eng
lat
spa
Extent
60 bundles and volumes
Type of material
Textual Material
Scope and content
This series of the State Papers collection is mainly composed of in-letters to the Secretary of State from the English (later British) Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire at Constantinople. Many papers (particularly petitions) are from the Levant Company, which financed diplomatic representation in the Levant until 1804. The series also includes some despatches from the consulates at Smyrna (now Izmir in Turkey) and Aleppo (now Haleb in Syria).
This series contains abundant information about the Portuguese Jew Álvaro Mendes (alias Solomon Aben Yaesh), his support to the cause of D. António Prior de Crato (pretender to the Portuguese Crown), and his intelligence services provided to the British Crown in the 1580s and 1590s. See, for instance:
SP 97/1, no. 50: letter from Edward Barton, the British Ambassador in Constantinople, to Sir Francis Walsingham referring Mendes's endeavours on behalf of Prior de Crato. August 15, 1588. Other Barton's letters on the same subject in SP 97/1 nos. 53, 54 and 55, and SP 97/2, no. 37a and 167.
SP 97/2: Latin letter from Lord Burghley to Álvaro Mendes on March 22, 1591; Spanish letter from Mendes to Queen Elizabeth on July 28, 1592; and another in English to Dr Rodrigo Lopez on August 24, 1593 (SP 97/2/211).
97/2/261: Letter from William Waad, Clerk of the Privy Council, to Lord Burghley, Secretary of State, on the information that Álvaro Mendes had sent from Constantinople by Judah Serfatim, his messenger. March 29, 1594. It includes information from Serfatim against Edward Barton. Other documents on the same subject are in this volume.
Some of these documents were published by Lucien Woolf (1924-27).
Another record of interest is a copy of Salomon Usque's account of the death of Sultan Murad III, and the succession of his son Mehemet III addressed to Sir Edward Barton, the English ambassador in Constantinople (SP 97/3/5). The report is dated February 2, 1595. See Canals (2003).
This series contains abundant information about the Portuguese Jew Álvaro Mendes (alias Solomon Aben Yaesh), his support to the cause of D. António Prior de Crato (pretender to the Portuguese Crown), and his intelligence services provided to the British Crown in the 1580s and 1590s. See, for instance:
SP 97/1, no. 50: letter from Edward Barton, the British Ambassador in Constantinople, to Sir Francis Walsingham referring Mendes's endeavours on behalf of Prior de Crato. August 15, 1588. Other Barton's letters on the same subject in SP 97/1 nos. 53, 54 and 55, and SP 97/2, no. 37a and 167.
SP 97/2: Latin letter from Lord Burghley to Álvaro Mendes on March 22, 1591; Spanish letter from Mendes to Queen Elizabeth on July 28, 1592; and another in English to Dr Rodrigo Lopez on August 24, 1593 (SP 97/2/211).
97/2/261: Letter from William Waad, Clerk of the Privy Council, to Lord Burghley, Secretary of State, on the information that Álvaro Mendes had sent from Constantinople by Judah Serfatim, his messenger. March 29, 1594. It includes information from Serfatim against Edward Barton. Other documents on the same subject are in this volume.
Some of these documents were published by Lucien Woolf (1924-27).
Another record of interest is a copy of Salomon Usque's account of the death of Sultan Murad III, and the succession of his son Mehemet III addressed to Sir Edward Barton, the English ambassador in Constantinople (SP 97/3/5). The report is dated February 2, 1595. See Canals (2003).
Archival history
The State Paper Office evolved informally and gradually from the collections of papers kept by the secretaries of state during the 16th century in the royal palace at Whitehall. The increasing complexity of administration during Elizabeth's reign suggested the need for a private library of confidential papers concerning domestic and foreign affairs to which the public did not have access, and in the 1580s such records were placed in the custody of Dr Thomas Wilson (c.1560-1629).
The office of Keeper of the State Papers first appeared in 1610, when Levinus Monk and Thomas Wilson, nephew of the above, were jointly appointed "keeper and registers". Wilson did all he could to increase the importance of his office. He resumed a considerable number of papers removed by earlier secretaries of state, and sorted and arranged the collection under domestic and foreign divisions.
By the early 18th century, the State Paper Office was suffering from a marked lack of organisation. As an attempt to remedy this, an official known as the collector and transmitter of the state papers was appointed from 1725 onwards; this post was held in conjunction with the keepership from the 1740s. In 1764, a royal commission appointed a group of methodisers of the state papers who made further attempts to regulate the State Paper Office. These efforts were hindered by the division of the papers between rooms in the palace of Whitehall, the Holbein gate (from 1618 until 1759) and unsuitable houses in the vicinity. This problem was not solved until 1834 with the completion of Soane's purpose-built State Paper Office in Duke Street.
The Public Record Office Act 1838 brought existing and accumulating records of the central courts under the aegis of the Master of the Rolls, and the state papers and other departmental records were subsequently added to his custody. The state papers were transferred by an order in council of March 5, 1852, and in 1854 the Master of the Rolls instructed by warrant the deputy keeper of the public records to take the state papers into his charge. The State Paper Office now became a branch office of the Public Record Office until the records were removed to the Chancery Lane building in 1861. Soane's State Paper Office was then demolished.
Although attempts were made to calendar the state papers in the later 18th century, nothing concrete was achieved until in 1825 a commission was entrusted with printing and publishing the documents in the State Paper Office. Under its auspices, selections of the most important letters of the reign of Henry VIII were printed between 1830 and 1852. It was not, however, until the state papers were placed under the charge and superintendence of the Master of the Rolls by the operation of the Public Record Office Act 1838 and the order in council of March 5, 1852, that any regular system of calendars was adopted. Since that date, over 200 volumes of calendars of the Domestic, Foreign and Colonial papers, ranging from the early 16th to the later 18th century, have been published.
The office of Keeper of the State Papers first appeared in 1610, when Levinus Monk and Thomas Wilson, nephew of the above, were jointly appointed "keeper and registers". Wilson did all he could to increase the importance of his office. He resumed a considerable number of papers removed by earlier secretaries of state, and sorted and arranged the collection under domestic and foreign divisions.
By the early 18th century, the State Paper Office was suffering from a marked lack of organisation. As an attempt to remedy this, an official known as the collector and transmitter of the state papers was appointed from 1725 onwards; this post was held in conjunction with the keepership from the 1740s. In 1764, a royal commission appointed a group of methodisers of the state papers who made further attempts to regulate the State Paper Office. These efforts were hindered by the division of the papers between rooms in the palace of Whitehall, the Holbein gate (from 1618 until 1759) and unsuitable houses in the vicinity. This problem was not solved until 1834 with the completion of Soane's purpose-built State Paper Office in Duke Street.
The Public Record Office Act 1838 brought existing and accumulating records of the central courts under the aegis of the Master of the Rolls, and the state papers and other departmental records were subsequently added to his custody. The state papers were transferred by an order in council of March 5, 1852, and in 1854 the Master of the Rolls instructed by warrant the deputy keeper of the public records to take the state papers into his charge. The State Paper Office now became a branch office of the Public Record Office until the records were removed to the Chancery Lane building in 1861. Soane's State Paper Office was then demolished.
Although attempts were made to calendar the state papers in the later 18th century, nothing concrete was achieved until in 1825 a commission was entrusted with printing and publishing the documents in the State Paper Office. Under its auspices, selections of the most important letters of the reign of Henry VIII were printed between 1830 and 1852. It was not, however, until the state papers were placed under the charge and superintendence of the Master of the Rolls by the operation of the Public Record Office Act 1838 and the order in council of March 5, 1852, that any regular system of calendars was adopted. Since that date, over 200 volumes of calendars of the Domestic, Foreign and Colonial papers, ranging from the early 16th to the later 18th century, have been published.
Administrative / Biographical history
In the Middle Ages, the affairs of the state in England as directed by the King's Council were put in execution through the Chancery, the Chancellor exercising all the functions which can pertain to a modern secretary of state. The acts of Chancery had to be authenticated by the great seal, of which the Chancellor was the keeper, and were recorded on the rolls of that department.
In time the business of the state began to be exercised in a less formal manner and to be diverted into other channels. The King's Secretary (who was at first styled the King's Clerk, then Secretary, afterwards Principal Secretary, and who was probably first called Secretary of State in the time of Elizabeth I) was increasingly employed to execute much of the business formerly pertaining to the Chancellor. In the reign of Henry VIII, the king's Principal Secretary had become a person of such great importance that his rank and precedence were determined by statute, and the business and correspondence of his office so much increased as to require in the same reign a Second Principal Secretary.
Both domestic and foreign affairs were the joint responsibility of the principal secretaries. In 1640, the king made a rough geographical division of foreign affairs between them, and out of this division, the secretaries' office was separated into the Southern and Northern Departments. From 1709 to 1726 and from 1742 to 1746 there was a Third Secretary with responsibility for Scottish affairs. Although the allocation of countries between the Northern and Southern Departments varied slightly from time to time to take account of particular circumstances, the general rule in the 18th century was that the Southern Department embraced France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey and the Barbary States, as well as Home and Irish affairs; also the Colonies, until 1768 when a Third Secretary was added to take charge of colonial businesses. The Northern Department was concerned with the remaining overseas countries with which diplomatic relations were maintained.
In 1782, the Colonial Department was abolished, and a clear division was made in the business of the two principal secretaries of state, all domestic and colonial business passing to the Southern Department, which became the Home Office, while all foreign business was allocated to the Northern Department, which became the Foreign Office.
In time the business of the state began to be exercised in a less formal manner and to be diverted into other channels. The King's Secretary (who was at first styled the King's Clerk, then Secretary, afterwards Principal Secretary, and who was probably first called Secretary of State in the time of Elizabeth I) was increasingly employed to execute much of the business formerly pertaining to the Chancellor. In the reign of Henry VIII, the king's Principal Secretary had become a person of such great importance that his rank and precedence were determined by statute, and the business and correspondence of his office so much increased as to require in the same reign a Second Principal Secretary.
Both domestic and foreign affairs were the joint responsibility of the principal secretaries. In 1640, the king made a rough geographical division of foreign affairs between them, and out of this division, the secretaries' office was separated into the Southern and Northern Departments. From 1709 to 1726 and from 1742 to 1746 there was a Third Secretary with responsibility for Scottish affairs. Although the allocation of countries between the Northern and Southern Departments varied slightly from time to time to take account of particular circumstances, the general rule in the 18th century was that the Southern Department embraced France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Switzerland, Turkey and the Barbary States, as well as Home and Irish affairs; also the Colonies, until 1768 when a Third Secretary was added to take charge of colonial businesses. The Northern Department was concerned with the remaining overseas countries with which diplomatic relations were maintained.
In 1782, the Colonial Department was abolished, and a clear division was made in the business of the two principal secretaries of state, all domestic and colonial business passing to the Southern Department, which became the Home Office, while all foreign business was allocated to the Northern Department, which became the Foreign Office.
Access points: locations
Access points: persons, families
Access points: subject terms
Access points: document types
System of arrangement
Records are arranged chronologically.
Links to finding aids
Existence and location of copies
Other two copies of Solomon Usque's account are in:
Author of the description
Carla Vieira, 2022
Published primary sources
Linked resources
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